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- <text id=92TT1793>
- <title>
- Aug. 10, 1992: The Riyadh Connection
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1992
- Aug. 10, 1992 The Doomsday Plan
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCANDALS, Page 40
- The Riyadh Connection
- </hdr><body>
- <p>Behind the Clifford headlines lurks the real news about B.C.C.I.:
- growing evidence that the bank provided secret services for
- Saudis and U.S. intelligence agents
- </p>
- <p>By Jonathan Beaty and S.C. Gwynne
- </p>
- <p> The scene that captured the news last week was of stately
- superlawyer Clark Clifford, that icon of Washington power
- brokering for five decades, clutching his fedora and lowering
- his well-worn face in a Manhattan courtroom. There he and his
- younger partner Robert Altman faced charges that they took
- millions in bribes to act as front men for the notorious Bank
- of Credit & Commerce International. But even more significant
- may be a legal move related to the grand jury indictments of
- last week: Saudi Sheik Kamal Adham, the longtime head of Saudi
- Arabian intelligence and one of the most powerful men in the
- Middle East, entered a guilty plea to charges that he conspired
- to help B.C.C.I. secretly purchase control of First American,
- the bank that Clifford and Altman headed. Adham, a key director
- of both B.C.C.I. and First American, agreed to pay a $105
- million fine and to cooperate in the widening probe.
- </p>
- <p> Adham is just the latest of several Saudis with intimate
- ties to the royal family who have been dragged into the
- B.C.C.I. investigations. Also indicted by Manhattan District
- Attorney Robert Morgenthau was Ghaith Pharaon, the most
- flamboyant of the Saudis, who bought the National Bank of
- Georgia from Bert Lance, President Carter's onetime budget
- chief, and later sold it to First American. Last month
- Morgenthau moved against Sheik Khalid bin Mahfouz, who headed
- the largest commercial bank in Saudi Arabia. Still another
- enormously rich Saudi remains under investigation: Abdul Raouf
- Khalil, a shareholder in both B.C.C.I. and First American. The
- barrage of charges against these prominent Saudis poses a sticky
- problem for the Bush Administration, one that threatens to
- uncover an embarrassing pattern of legal and illegal
- intelligence operations as well as arms and money transactions
- involving Arab states, Israel and the U.S.
- </p>
- <p> Morgenthau has also been taking a tough line with another
- U.S. ally in the region, Sheik Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahayan,
- ruler of Abu Dhabi and President of the United Arab Emirates.
- "Abu Dhabi has been promising cooperation for a year, but we've
- gotten nothing out of them," the district attorney said last
- week. His frustration is understandable: Zayed, now the owner
- of the tattered remains of B.C.C.I. founder Agha Hasan Abedi's
- erstwhile $20 billion banking empire, has placed 18 of the
- bank's top officials--all of them potential witnesses who
- could help explain the workings of the criminal operations--under house arrest in Abu Dhabi while he sits on most of the
- bank's records.
- </p>
- <p> In testimony last week before a subcommittee chaired by
- Senator John Kerry, a convicted former B.C.C.I. employee
- fingered Zayed as one of the phony stockholders in B.C.C.I.'s
- purchase of First American. The witness, Akbar Bilgrami,
- testified that he had personally read the loan agreements by
- which B.C.C.I. lent the money to Zayed to buy First American
- shares. If true, this means that Zayed violated the same banking
- laws that Adham and Mahfouz are charged with breaking.
- </p>
- <p> According to an American expert with close ties to Riyadh,
- Saudi King Fahd is "apoplectic" about the aggressive American
- probe. The Arabs, says this source, "are appalled and prefer to
- believe the B.C.C.I. investigation is a Zionist plot." Though
- the New York indictments differ little from ones handed down by
- the U.S. Justice Department, it has been New York's Morgenthau
- who has set the agenda. The Saudis claim that his father,
- former Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, was instrumental in
- persuading President Harry Truman to recognize the new state of
- Israel. (The theory is shaky: ironically, it was a young Clark
- Clifford who, as Truman's political counselor, did most to win
- recognition for Israel.)
- </p>
- <p> But the royal fury in Saudi Arabia is fed by more than
- just Arab-Jewish enmity and the Saudis' abhorrence of
- publicity. B.C.C.I. flourished because it could provide cover
- for deals between nominal enemies, especially in the arms trade.
- The demand for these services was particularly keen in the
- Middle East, especially when Israel and Arab states were
- involved. When American arms destined for Iran and Iraq passed
- through Israel, for example, B.C.C.I. was frequently the broker
- and financier. One such transfer involved Iraq's acquisition of
- Silkworm missiles from China in the mid-1980s. Fahd, worried
- that Iran was winning its war with Iraq, sought missiles for
- Saddam Hussein's regime, but was rebuffed by the U.S. and
- France. B.C.C.I. stepped in and brokered a deal with China as
- a supplier of the rockets and Israel as a provider of the
- high-technology guidance systems.
- </p>
- <p> When oil profits ebbed in the early '80s, Abedi and the
- bank turned increasingly to weapons dealing, drug-money
- laundering and capital flight to keep operations afloat. The
- bank also became enmeshed in intelligence operations with
- several nations, including the U.S., which effectively shielded
- Abedi from unwelcome scrutiny as he perfected bribery and
- extortion as business tools. B.C.C.I. thereafter grew faster
- than ever.
- </p>
- <p> There was, for example, the highly sensitive question of
- B.C.C.I.'s direct involvement in the secret arms-for-hostages
- deals in Iran during the 1980s, in which it acted as a broker
- and financier of weapons sales. Ollie North maintained three
- accounts at the B.C.C.I. Paris branch, and B.C.C.I. was used to
- transfer money to the contras.
- </p>
- <p> B.C.C.I. was similarly entwined in another key U.S.
- intelligence operation of the 1980s: the supply of arms and
- money to the Afghan rebels. While such clandestine support was
- legally condoned, B.C.C.I. officials have told reporters that
- CIA Director William Casey, in a series of 1984 meetings in
- Washington with Abedi, struck a deal that included off-the-books
- operations never reported to the U.S. Congress.
- </p>
- <p> B.C.C.I.'s connections to American intelligence operations
- resulted in a paralysis of enforcement. In January 1985, for
- example, long before U.S. Customs agents stumbled across
- B.C.C.I. in Florida, the CIA hand-delivered a secret report,
- described within the CIA as "dynamite," to Ronald Reagan's
- Treasury Secretary Donald Regan. According to CIA testimony
- before the Kerry committee, the report stated that B.C.C.I.
- secretly owned First American. Regan's intelligence aide sent
- back word that they already knew about B.C.C.I. and were not
- interested in learning more.
- </p>
- <p> In the current probe of Saudi Abdul Raouf Khalil,
- investigators have complained that when Khalil was first sought
- by Federal Reserve examiners, the State Department claimed that
- he either didn't exist or couldn't be found. Knowing that Khalil
- was a high Saudi intelligence offical and the current liaison
- to the CIA the investigators advised the Riyadh embassy to "look
- for him down the hall in the CIA station chief's office."
- Khalil was quickly located and served with a subpoena.
- </p>
- <p> There is evidence that the Reagan Administration knew
- early on about B.C.C.I.'s criminal activities. Dr. Norman
- Bailey, a former member of the staff of the National Security
- Council, has told TIME that in 1982, the NSC began receiving a
- stream of intelligence reports detailing the bank's arms
- trafficking, drug involvement, support of terrorists and role
- in the transfer of U.S. technological secrets to countries such
- as Pakistan and the Soviet Union.
- </p>
- <p> Bush has insisted that he did not know Kamal Adham, who
- was running Saudi intelligence at the same time Bush was CIA
- director. The question was raised last year when the White House
- was embarrassed by the revelation that Adham had hired chief of
- staff John Sununu's ex-aide Edward Rogers for a $600,000 fee.
- A senior intelligence officer stationed in Saudi Arabia during
- those years told TIME last week that Bush's denial is not
- credible. "It's flat impossible," he says.
- </p>
- <p> If he cooperates as promised, Adham will prove an
- interesting witness in the deepening B.C.C.I. probe. But that
- which is interesting to American prosecutors is setting teeth
- on edge in Saudi Arabia, and elsewhere.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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